Chicago Author-Date
Journal articleHistory & Fine Arts
Smith, Jane A., and Mark B. Doe. 2024. "The Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems." Journal of Environmental Science 45 (3): 234–51.
In-text
(Smith and Doe 2024, 237)
Citation Styles for the Humanities
Citation styles for literature, history, philosophy, religious studies, and the fine arts, with formatting rules and examples.
Which humanities citation style should you use?
Use the style that your instructor, journal, or institution requires. If you can choose, compare how each style cites a source in the text and where it is used most.
| Style | Main field | In-text citation | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago author-date 17th edition | History & Fine Arts | (Smith and Doe 2024, 237) | Chicago author-date 17th edition is one of two Chicago Manual of Style citation systems. It uses parenthetical citations with author and year, ideal for sciences and social sciences. |
| Chicago author-date 18th edition | History & Fine Arts | (Smith and Doe 2024, 237) | Chicago author-date 18th edition is one of two Chicago Manual of Style citation systems. It uses parenthetical citations with author and year, ideal for sciences and social sciences. |
| Chicago full notes and bibliography 17th edition | Humanities | ¹ Jane A. Smith and Mark B. Doe, “The Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems,” Journal of Environmental Science 45, no. 3 (2024): 237. | Chicago full notes and bibliography 17th edition is one of two Chicago Manual of Style citation systems. It uses footnotes or endnotes with superscript numbers, ideal for humanities and arts. |
| Chicago full notes and bibliography 18th edition | Humanities | ¹ Jane A. Smith and Mark B. Doe, “The Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems,” Journal of Environmental Science 45, no. 3 (2024): 237. | Chicago full notes and bibliography 18th edition is one of two Chicago Manual of Style citation systems. It uses footnotes or endnotes with superscript numbers, ideal for humanities and arts. |
| MLA 8th edition | Humanities | (Smith and Doe 237) | MLA 8th edition style is published by the Modern Language Association and is commonly used in literature, language, and humanities disciplines. |
| MLA 9th edition | Humanities | (Smith and Doe 237) | MLA 9th edition style is published by the Modern Language Association and is commonly used in literature, language, and humanities disciplines. |
| Turabian author-date | History | (Smith and Doe 2024, 237) | Turabian author-date style is one of two Turabian citation systems, using parenthetical author-date citations, ideal for sciences and social sciences. |
| Turabian full notes and bibliography | History | ¹ Jane A. Smith and Mark B. Doe, “The Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems,” Journal of Environmental Science 45, no. 3 (2024): 237. | Turabian full notes and bibliography style is based on Chicago style and is commonly used for student papers in history and other humanities disciplines. This citation generator follows A Manual for Writers (9th edition). |