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General-Purpose Citation Styles

Multidisciplinary citation styles for academic writing across fields, including Harvard Cite Them Right, Harvard Deakin, and Deutsche Zitierweise.

Which general citation style should you use?

Use the style that your instructor, journal, or institution requires. If you can choose, compare how each style cites a source in the text and where it is used most.

StyleMain fieldIn-text citationUsed for
Deutsche ZitierweiseHumanities¹ Vgl. Smith/Doe, Climate Change, 2024, S. 237.Deutsche Zitierweise (German citation style) is a footnote-based citation system commonly used in German-speaking academic institutions, particularly in humanities and social sciences.
Harvard Cite Them Right 12th editionGeneral(Smith and Doe, 2024)Harvard Cite Them Right 12th edition is an author-date citation system widely used in universities, particularly in the UK.
Harvard Deakin University (Australian)General(Smith & Doe 2024)Harvard Deakin University style is an Australian variant of Harvard referencing used at Deakin University and other Australian institutions.
Harvard Zitierweise (German)General(Smith/Doe 2024: 237)Harvard Zitierweise is the German variant of Harvard referencing, commonly used in German-speaking academic institutions.