Citation Guides & Tips
Expert guides to help you cite sources correctly in any academic style.
How to Write an Annotated Bibliography
How to write an annotated bibliography in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago, with real examples, formatting rules, and what makes a strong annotation.
Vancouver Citation Style: Format and Examples
Vancouver journal article format: Author(s). Title. Abbrev J Title. Year;Vol(Issue):Pages. doi:XX. See examples for books, websites, and clinical guidelines.
How to Cite Sources in IEEE Citation Style
Learn IEEE citation format - numbered references, in-text brackets, and worked examples for conference papers, journal articles, books, websites, and standards.
How to Cite Sources in Harvard Referencing Style
Complete guide to Harvard referencing - in-text citations, reference list formatting, and worked examples for books, journals, websites, and more.
How to Cite Sources in Chicago Author-Date Style
Chicago 18th edition author-date citations: parenthetical in-text references, reference list format, and examples for the sciences and social sciences.
How to Cite Sources in Chicago Notes-Bibliography Style
A practical guide to the Chicago 18th edition notes-bibliography system: footnotes, bibliography entries, and worked examples for common source types.
How to Cite a Journal Article in MLA 9th Edition
How to cite journal articles in MLA 9, step by step: print journals, online journals with DOIs, database articles, and articles with multiple authors.
How to Cite a Book in MLA 9th Edition
Complete guide to citing books in MLA 9 format - print books, ebooks, edited collections, translated works, and multi-volume sets with worked examples.
How to Cite a Website in MLA 9th Edition
The MLA 9 format for citing websites with the core elements, plus examples for pages with an author, no author, no date, and organizational sources.
How to Cite a Book in APA 7th Edition
Learn the exact format for citing books in APA 7th edition, with examples for single authors, multiple authors, edited books, chapters, and ebooks.
How to Cite a Journal Article in APA 7th Edition
Learn the exact format for citing journal articles in APA 7th edition, with examples for single authors, multiple authors, DOIs, online-only journals, and more.
How to Cite a PDF in APA 7th Edition
Learn how to cite PDFs in APA 7th edition. APA citations are based on source type, not file format - find the right template for reports, articles, and more.